Wall Street Journal 해석

Kissinger, Diplomat Who Shaped Cold War History, Is Dead at 100 : 냉전 역사를 이끈 외교관 키신저가 100세로 사망했다

춰리 2023. 12. 1. 15:09

Kissinger, Diplomat Who Shaped Cold War History, Is Dead at 100
냉전 역사를 이끈 외교관 키신저가 100세로 사망했다


BY ALAN CULLISON

 

Henry Kissinger oversaw the peace talks to end the Vietnam War, and the U.S. opening to China. At Paris’s Élysée Palace in 1973. AGENCE FRANCE- PRESSE/ GETTY IMAGES : 헨리 키신저는 베트남 전쟁을 종식시키기 위한 평화 회담과 미국의 중국 개방을 감독했습니다. 1973년 파리 엘리제궁에서. AGENCE FRANCE- PRESSSE/ GETTY IMAGES

 

Kissinger at the White House in 1972 with President Richard Nixon and this summer with Chinese leader Xi Jinping. FROM TOP: WHITE HOUSE/ GETTY IMAGES; CHINA DAILY/ REUTERS : 키신저는 1972년 백악관에서 리처드 닉슨 대통령과, 이번 여름에는 시진핑 중국 국가주석과 만났다. 위에서부터: 백악관/게티 이미지; 차이나 데일리/로이터

 

Former presidential adviser Henry Kissinger has died, according to a statement posted on his website, bringing to a close one of the most polarizing and influential diplomatic lives in U.S. history.
헨리 키신저 전 대통령 보좌관이 자신의 웹사이트에 게시된 성명에 따르면 미국 역사상 가장 양극화되고 영향력 있는 외교 생활 중 하나가 끝났다고 사망했습니다.

He died Wednesday at his home in Connecticut, said a statement by his consulting firm. He was 100 years old.
그의 컨설팅 회사는 성명을 통해 그가 수요일 코네티컷에 있는 자택에서 사망했다고 밝혔다. 그는 100세였습니다.

The German born academic was the only American official ever to concurrently serve as both secretary of state and White House national security adviser, giving him immense power during the Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford presidencies. That helped him end the U.S. war in Vietnam and to shape American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union at the height of the Cold War.
독일 태생의 학자인 그는 국무장관과 백악관 국가안보보좌관을 동시에 역임한 유일한 미국 관료였으며, 리처드 닉슨 대통령과 제럴드 포드 대통령 재임 기간 동안 그에게 엄청난 권력을 안겨주었습니다. 이는 그가 베트남전을 종식시키고 냉전이 한창일 때 소련을 향한 미국의 외교 정책을 수립하는 데 도움이 되었습니다.

Kissinger’s diplomatic coups made him a hero to war weary Americans fearing nuclear armageddon. But he drew the ire of both the American left, which held him responsible for brutalities committed abroad, and the right, which regarded him with suspicion for advocating detente with Communist regimes.
키신저의 외교적 쿠데타는 그를 핵 아마겟돈을 두려워하는 지친 미국인들에게 전쟁의 영웅으로 만들었습니다. 그러나 그는 해외에서 자행된 만행에 대한 책임을 묻는 미국 좌파와 공산주의 정권과의 화해를 옹호하는 혐의로 그를 간주하는 우파 모두의 분노를 샀습니다.

Kissinger won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973, along with the Vietnamese leader Le Duc Tho, for pursuing secret diplomatic talks that forged the Paris Peace Accords, ending the U.S. military campaign in Southeast Asia.
키신저는 1973년 베트남 지도자 레득토(Le Duc Tho)와 함께 비밀 외교 회담을 통해 파리 평화 협정을 맺고 동남아시아에서의 미군 작전을 종식시킨 공로로 노벨 평화상을 수상했습니다.

Le Duc Tho refused his award, saying that peace wasn’t achieved. Kissinger accepted his prize “with humility,” and offered to return it after the fall of South Vietnam two years later.
Le Duc Tho는 평화가 이루어지지 않았다며 그의 상을 거부했습니다. 키신저는 “겸손하게” 상을 받았고, 2년 후 남베트남이 함락된 후에 상을 돌려주겠다고 제안했습니다.

Kissinger still won gratitude for helping to extricate the U.S. from the war with its power mostly intact. In 1974, he was featured as a diplomatic superman on the cover of Newsweek, clad in tights, a cape, and a “Super K” emblazoned on his chest.
키신저는 여전히 미국의 힘을 그대로 유지하면서 미국을 전쟁에서 구출하는 데 도움을 준 것에 대해 감사를 표했습니다. 1974년 그는 스타킹과 망토를 입고 가슴에 '슈퍼K'라는 글자를 새긴 차림으로 뉴스위크 표지를 장식한 외교적 슈퍼맨으로 등장했다.

“Henry Kissinger…iterally wrote the book on diplomacy,” John Kerry, who was then secretary of state, said at a ceremony in 2014. Kissinger “gave us the vocabulary of modern diplomacy, the very words ‘shuttle diplomacy’ and ‘strategic patience.’” In half a century, Kissinger never lost his love of the public spotlight and global politicking. He parlayed his contacts with foreign governments and global business leaders into a lucrative consulting firm, Kissinger Associates, which he established in 1982.
당시 국무장관이었던 존 케리는 2014년 한 행사에서 “헨리 키신저는 말 그대로 외교에 관한 책을 썼다”고 말했다. 키신저는 “우리에게 현대 외교의 어휘, 즉 '셔틀 외교'와 '전략적 인내'라는 단어를 주었다. .'” 반세기 동안 키신저는 대중의 주목과 세계 정치에 대한 사랑을 결코 잃지 않았습니다. 그는 외국 정부 및 글로벌 비즈니스 리더와의 접촉을 활용하여 수익성이 좋은 컨설팅 회사인 Kissinger Associates를 설립했으며 1982년에 이 회사를 설립했습니다.

He maintained an ambitious writing career into his 90s. In 2022, he published “Leadership: Six Studies in World Strategy,” in which he profiled post-World War II leaders whom he called visionary.
그는 90년대에도 야심찬 글쓰기 경력을 유지했습니다. 2022년에 그는 "리더십: 세계 전략에 관한 6가지 연구"를 출판하여 제2차 세계대전 이후의 지도자들을 선구자라고 불렀습니다.

Among his lasting achievements was overseeing the Nixon administration’s clandestine outreach in the early 1970s to the People’s Republic of China, resulting in the restoration of full diplomatic relations between Washington and Beijing.
그의 지속적인 업적 중에는 1970년대 초 닉슨 행정부의 중화인민공화국에 대한 은밀한 지원 활동을 감독하여 워싱턴과 베이징 간의 완전한 외교 관계를 복원한 것이 있습니다.

That successful execution of the “China card” was credited with helping to tip the global balance against the Soviet Union and accelerating Beijing’s integration into the international economy.
"차이나 카드"의 성공적인 실행은 소련에 맞서 세계 균형을 맞추고 중국의 국제 경제 통합을 가속화하는 데 도움이 된 것으로 평가됩니다.

Kissinger also negotiated an end to the 1973 Yom Kippur War that was sparked by Egypt’s and Syria’s joint attacks on Israel. The cease fire followed the dramatic U.S. airlift of weapons to the Jewish state that proved crucial to warding off the initial advances of the Arab armies. He and other U.S. officials worried the conflict could escalate into the first direct military conflict between the U.S. and Soviet Union, the chief patron of Cairo and Damascus.
키신저는 또한 이집트와 시리아의 이스라엘 합동 공격으로 촉발된 1973년 욤 키푸르 전쟁의 종식을 협상했습니다. 휴전은 아랍 군대의 초기 진격을 막는 데 결정적인 역할을 했던 유대 국가에 대한 미국의 극적인 무기 공수 이후에 이루어졌습니다. 그와 다른 미국 관리들은 이 갈등이 미국과 카이로와 다마스쿠스의 주요 후원자인 소련 간의 최초의 직접적인 군사 충돌로 확대될 수 있다고 우려했습니다.

For his eight years of government service, which ran from 1969 through 1977, Ford awarded Kissinger the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
1969년부터 1977년까지 8년 동안 정부에 봉사한 공로로 포드는 키신저에게 대통령 자유 메달을 수여했습니다.

A one time Harvard University professor, Kissinger earned as many critics as he did admirers during his academic, diplomatic and business careers.
한때 하버드 대학교 교수였던 키신저는 학문, 외교, 비즈니스 경력 동안 존경하는 사람 못지않게 많은 비판을 받았습니다.

Kissinger was the practitioner of a form of international statecraft called realpolitik, which his critics say placed the goal of balancing the interests of world powers above the pursuits of democracy and human rights. While facing criticism at times for pursuing detente with the Soviets, Kissinger also oversaw fierce anticommunist campaigns in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
키신저는 민주주의와 인권 추구보다 세계 강대국의 이익 균형을 맞추는 목표를 둔 현실정치(realpolitik)라는 국제 정치술의 실천자였습니다. 키신저는 소련과의 데탕트를 추구했다는 이유로 때때로 비판을 받는 동시에 아시아, 아프리카, 라틴 아메리카에서 치열한 반공산주의 캠페인을 감독하기도 했습니다.

Kissinger supported military coups against democratically elected governments in Chile and Argentina in the 1970s, fearful their politicians were growing too close to Moscow, according to declassified White House documents. He also tacitly supported the Indonesian military’s 1975 invasion of East Timor, a former Portuguese colony in Asia, spooked by fears its government was tilting toward Communism, according to these documents.
기밀 해제된 백악관 문서에 따르면 키신저는 1970년대 칠레와 아르헨티나에서 민주적으로 선출된 정부에 맞서 군사 쿠데타를 지원했는데, 그 이유는 그들의 정치인들이 모스크바에 너무 가까워지는 것을 우려했기 때문입니다. 이 문서에 따르면 그는 또한 인도네시아 군이 1975년 아시아의 옛 포르투갈 식민지였던 동티모르 침공을 암묵적으로 지지했다고 한다. 당시 인도네시아 정부가 공산주의 쪽으로 기울고 있다는 우려 때문이었다.

Human rights campaigners long argued that Kissinger should have been charged with war crimes for his role in overseeing the Nixon administration’s secret bombings of Cambodia and Laos during the height of the Vietnam War. The American military operations killed thousands of Cambodians and Laotians, experts on Southeast Asia estimate, and inadvertently helped bring the radical Khmer Rouge movement to power in Cambodia.
인권 운동가들은 베트남 전쟁이 한창일 때 닉슨 행정부의 캄보디아와 라오스에 대한 비밀 폭격을 감독한 키신저가 전쟁 범죄 혐의로 기소되어야 한다고 오랫동안 주장해 왔습니다. 동남아시아 전문가들은 미국의 군사 작전으로 수천 명의 캄보디아인과 라오스인이 사망했으며 본의 아니게 급진적인 크메르 루즈 운동이 캄보디아에서 권력을 잡는 데 도움이 되었다고 추정합니다.

“The bombing campaign began as it was to go on with full knowledge of its effect on civilians, and with flagrant deceit by Kissinger in this precise respect,” the historian Christopher Hitchens wrote in his 2001 book, “The Trial of Henry Kissinger.”
역사학자 크리스토퍼 히친스는 2001년 저서 '헨리 키신저의 재판'에서 "폭격 작전은 그것이 민간인에게 미치는 영향을 충분히 알고, 그리고 이 정확한 측면에서 키신저의 노골적인 속임수로 계속되기 시작했다"고 썼다.

Kissinger was born Heinz Alfred Kissinger in 1923 to a family of German Jews in Bavaria.
키신저는 1923년 바이에른의 독일계 유대인 가정에서 하인츠 알프레드 키신저(Heinz Alfred Kissinger)로 태어났습니다.

His parents fled to New York in 1938 following the rise of the Nazi party and the wide scale persecution of the Jews. Henry Kissinger assimilated through his achievements in academics and sports, according to his biographers. Drafted into the Army in 1943, he saw combat in France and Germany. After the war, he studied and taught political science at Harvard University, earning his Ph.D. in 1954.
그의 부모는 나치당의 부상과 유대인에 대한 광범위한 박해 이후 1938년 뉴욕으로 도망쳤습니다. 그의 전기 작가에 따르면 헨리 키신저는 학문과 스포츠 분야의 업적을 통해 동화되었습니다. 1943년 육군에 징집되어 프랑스와 독일에서 전투를 벌였습니다. 전쟁이 끝난 후 그는 하버드 대학교에서 정치학을 공부하고 가르쳤으며, 1954년에 박사 학위를 받았습니다.

Kissinger’s escape from Germany and the Holocaust influenced his scholarship and statecraft. The diplomat and academic placed the pursuit of global stability above lofty ideological goals. His distrust of Communism was formed, in part, by his witnessing of the radicalization of German society in the Nazi era.
키신저의 독일 탈출과 홀로코스트는 그의 학문과 정치에 영향을 미쳤다. 외교관과 학자는 높은 이념적 목표보다 세계 안정 추구를 더 중요하게 여겼습니다. 공산주의에 대한 그의 불신은 부분적으로 나치 시대 독일 사회의 급진화를 목격하면서 형성되었습니다.

Kissinger used his platform at Harvard to transition into Washington political circles. He found a patron in this pursuit in the millionaire businessman and Republican politician Nelson Rockefeller, whom Kissinger advised during several unsuccessful runs for the presidency. After Nixon was elected president in 1968, he asked Kissinger to serve as his national security adviser.
키신저는 하버드에서 자신의 플랫폼을 사용하여 워싱턴 정계로 전환했습니다. 그는 백만장자 사업가이자 공화당 정치인인 넬슨 록펠러에게서 이 추구의 후원자를 찾았는데, 키신저는 대통령 선거에 여러 번 출마했지만 실패했을 때 조언했습니다. 닉슨은 1968년 대통령에 당선된 후 키신저에게 국가안보보좌관을 맡아달라고 요청했다.

Nixon and Kissinger emerged as an odd power couple in the White House. While Nixon was ill at ease in public and wary of the press, Kissinger reveled in his celebrity status and was known for one liners and a quick wit, despite maintaining a thick German accent throughout his life.
닉슨과 키신저는 백악관에서 이상한 권력 커플로 떠올랐다. 닉슨은 대중 앞에서 불편함을 느끼고 언론을 경계했지만, 키신저는 평생 동안 두꺼운 독일 억양을 유지했음에도 불구하고 자신의 유명 인사 지위를 즐겼으며 한 줄의 대사와 재치로 유명했습니다.

On domestic politics Kissinger observed that “Ninety percent of the politicians give the other 10% a bad reputation.” On overconfidence: “To be absolutely certain about something, one must know everything or nothing about it.” On decision making: “Each success only buys an admission ticket to a more difficult problem.”
국내 정치에 대해 키신저는 “정치인의 90%가 나머지 10%에게 나쁜 평판을 준다”고 말했습니다. 과신에 대하여: “무언가에 대해 절대적으로 확신하려면 그것에 대해 모든 것을 알거나 전혀 알아야 합니다.” 의사 결정: "각 성공은 더 어려운 문제에 대한 입장권을 구매할 뿐입니다."

Kissinger, a divorcee during most of his service in the Nixon White House, was a regular on the Georgetown cocktail circuit, at times appearing with Hollywood starlets on his arm. He once famously called himself a “secret swinger” and told a reporter that “power is the ultimate aphrodisiac.”
닉슨 백악관 재임 기간 대부분 동안 이혼녀였던 키신저는 조지타운 칵테일 서킷의 단골 손님이었는데, 때때로 그의 팔에 헐리우드 스타들을 안고 등장하기도 했습니다. 그는 한때 자신을 "비밀 스윙어"라고 불렀으며 기자에게 "권력은 최고의 최음제"라고 말했습니다.

Friends of Kissinger said his image as a ladies’ man was in fact a front. After his divorce from his first wife in 1964 he was in a carefully hidden long-term relationship with the woman who eventually became his second wife, Nancy Maginnes.
키신저의 친구들은 그의 플레이보이 이미지가 사실은 겉모습이었다고 말했다. 1964년 첫 아내와 이혼한 후 그는 결국 그의 두 번째 아내가 된 낸시 마기네스(Nancy Maginnes)와 조심스럽게 숨겨진 장기적인 관계를 유지했습니다.

Kissinger is survived by his wife, Nancy, and his two children, David and Elizabeth Kissinger, whom he had with his first wife, Ann Fleischer.
키신저의 유족으로는 부인 낸시(Nancy)와 첫 부인 앤 플라이셔(Ann Fleischer) 사이에서 얻은 두 자녀 데이비드 키신저(David Kissinger)와 엘리자베스 키신저(Elizabeth Kissinger)가 있다.